Sudan’s civil war and humanitarian emergency
International Conflicts & Security
Last updated
The big picture
Sudan’s war began in April 2023 between the national army and the Rapid Support Forces, a powerful paramilitary organization. The two had previously shared power after the 2021 coup, but their rivalry became open war. Fighting has broken public services, driven people from their homes and made civilian protection a central international concern. Darfur has suffered especially severely. The fall of El Fasher to the RSF in October 2025 followed a prolonged siege and another wave of flight. The conflict is not confined to front lines: attacks on markets, fuel supplies and other civilian infrastructure affect families far from combat positions. Peace efforts must address access to aid as well as military demands.
Where things stand
Peace efforts resumed in Geneva in October with representatives from roughly two dozen countries. The UN has warned that expanding drone warfare is deepening the humanitarian crisis. Talks are an attempt to secure a ceasefire and a more inclusive political future; they do not mean that either has been achieved.
Key facts
- The army and RSF were partners before becoming battlefield opponents.
- El Fasher’s fall followed a siege lasting more than 500 days.
- UNHCR’s 2026 appeal describes displacement beyond Sudan’s borders as well as inside the country.
How we got here
War breaks out between the army and RSF.
The UN describes renewed Geneva peace efforts and mounting danger from drone attacks.
What happens next
No further event was confirmed at the last update.
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